C-Test

The C-Test is an instrument to measure general language proficiency. You can find recent information about it in the following publication:

Grotjahn, R. 2010. The C-Test: Contributions from Current Research . Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

There is also a website on the C-Test, which however is largely in German.

In the language attrition network, we have discussed the construction and use of the C-Test for the purpose of language attrition research. You can find the outcome of our deliberations here. This document also proposes a method of scoring the results

The following versions of the C-Test are available:

English (constructed by Merel Keijzer)

Reference: Keijzer, M. 2007. Last in first out? An investigation of the regression hypothesis in Dutch emigrants in Anglophone Canada. PhD dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (The full text of this dissertation can be downloaded from the LOT website.)

Dutch (constructed by Merel Keijzer)

Reference: Keijzer, M. 2007. Last in first out? An investigation of the regression hypothesis in Dutch emigrants in Anglophone Canada. PhD dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (The full text of this dissertation can be downloaded from the LOT website.)

German (constructed by Monika S. Schmid)

Reference: Schmid, M. S. & E. Dusseldorp (2010). Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition. Second Language Research 26(1): 125-160.

Italian: An Italian C-Test was constructed by Tihana Kras and used in her PhD dissertation. It is available upon request, please email Tihana at tk302@cantab.net

Reference: Kras, T. 2007.  L2 acquisition of the lexicon-syntax interface and narrow syntax by child and adult Croatian learners of Italian. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Romanian (constructed by Mirela Cherciov)

Reference: Cherciov, M. 2010. Between acquisition and attrition: the dynamics between two languages in adult migrants. PhD dissertation, University of Toronto.

Spanish (constructed by Teodora Mehotcheva)

Reference: Mehotcheva, T. 2010. After the Fiesta is over: Foreign language attrition of Spanish in Dutch and German Erasmus students. PdD dissertation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.

Turkish (constructed by Tuğba Karayayla)

Reference: Karayayla, T. 2018. Turkish as an immigrant and heritage language in the UK: Effects of exposure and age at onset of bilingualism on grammatical and lexical development of the first language. PhD dissertation, University of Essex.